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101.
A content analysis was conducted to examine the portrayal of social aggression in the 50 most popular television programs among 2‐ to 11‐year‐old children. Results revealed that 92% of the programs in the sample contained some social aggression. On average, there were 14 different incidents of social aggression per hour in these shows, or one every 4 minutes. Compared to the portrayals of physical aggression, social aggression was more likely to be enacted by an attractive perpetrator, to be featured in a humorous context, and neither rewarded or punished. In these ways, social aggression on television poses more of a risk for imitation and learning than do portrayals of physical aggression. Findings are discussed in terms of social cognitive theory. 相似文献
102.
103.
Plants respond to herbivory by synthesizing and releasing novel blends of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Natural enemies are attracted to these VOCs, but little is known about the effects of these chemicals on the herbivores themselves. We studied the effect of Thaumastocoris peregrinus herbivory on VOCs released by Eucalyptus benthamii plants and the responses of this herbivore to the VOCs. In total, 12 compounds released by E. benthamii were identified. Five compounds (β-pinene, linalool, 9-epi-(E)-caryophyllene, viridiflorol, and one unidentified compound) emitted after herbivore and mechanical damage were not detected in collections from undamaged plants. The three most abundant VOCs, α-pinene, aromadendrene, and globulol, were released in greater quantities from herbivore-damaged plants compared to plants with mechanical damage, which, in turn, released greater amounts than undamaged (control) plants. The VOCs emitted after herbivore damage did not differ during the photophase and scotophase in either quantity or quality. In an olfactometer, mated female T. peregrinus showed a preference for undamaged plants over herbivore-damaged plants, and also for hexane over α-pinene at an amount equivalent to that released by a herbivore-damaged plant. In the olfactometer, virgin females did not exhibit any preference between conspecific-damaged or undamaged plants. 相似文献
104.
For stationary sequences, under general dependence restrictions, any limiting point process for time normalized upcrossings of high levels is a compound Poisson process, i.e., there is a clustering of high upcrossings, where the underlying Poisson points represent cluster positions and the multiplicities correspond to cluster sizes. For such classes of stationary sequences, there exists the upcrossings index η, 0≤η≤1, which is directly related to the extremal index θ, 0≤θ≤1, for suitable high levels. In this paper, we consider the problem of estimating the upcrossings index η for a class of stationary sequences satisfying a mild oscillation restriction. For the proposed estimator, properties such as consistency and asymptotic normality are studied. Finally, the performance of the estimator is assessed through simulation studies for autoregressive processes and case studies in the fields of environment and finance. Comparisons with other estimators derived from well known estimators of the extremal index are also presented. 相似文献
105.
106.
Ka-Meng Lei Pui-In Mak Rui P. Martins 《Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing》2013,77(2):277-284
A dynamic latched comparator can suffer from three non-idealities: offset voltage, random noise and kickback noise. Specifically in an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) the kickback noise of a comparator can noticeably affect the settling time and accuracy of the decision. This work offers an analytical treatment of kickback noise generation, and proposes a synchronized kickback noise cancellation technique, which is achieved via placing clocked NMOS-PMOS capacitors at the proper nodes to cancel out effectively those unwanted charges (electrons or holes) under different operating regions of the MOS devices. The technique is clock-rate insensitive and particularly suitable for the SAR-type ADC as it will not alter the charge stored in the capacitor array. Optimized in 65-nm CMOS the kickback noise is <±0.3 mV in 30× Monte–Carlo simulations at both 50- and 500-MHz clock rates. For 10-bit resolution in a full scale of 1 Vpp, the kickback noise of the proposed comparator comparing with the conventional one is improved by 48×, from 6.27 to 0.13 LSB. 相似文献
107.
B.W.S. Souza M.A. Cerqueira J.T. Martins A. Casariego J.A. Teixeira A.A. Vicente 《Food Hydrocolloids》2010
The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of electric fields applied at different field strength values on mechanical and thermal properties of chitosan films/coatings (obtained from lobster of the Cuban coasts). XRD analyses indicated that electrically treated chitosan films exhibited a more ordered structure and a clearly higher crystallinity when compared with non-treated films, thus displaying significant effects on the value of the crystallinity index (CI). SEM micrographs evidenced that the surface morphology of chitosan films was influenced by the electric field. In fact, the electric field treatment led to a structure with more regular layers as can be seen in the cross-sections of the films observed under SEM. The application of the electric field to chitosan film-forming solutions resulted in an increase of the tensile strength (c.a. 9%) and elongation-at-break (c.a. 18%) of the corresponding chitosan films. The reported results demonstrate that the application of an electric field to film-forming solutions of chitosan is an interesting instrument to taylor relevant properties of the films or coatings produced from them. 相似文献
108.
Fernando Ribeiro Oliveira Marta Fernandes Noémia Carneiro António Pedro Souto 《应用聚合物科学杂志》2013,128(5):2638-2647
The use of microcapsules has increased in several different areas, namely, textile applications. They have been used as a possible means of introducing new properties, namely, in medical care by antibiotics, skin moisturizers, and other drugs and for thermal comfort. In this study, we examined the influence of dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma treatment on the adhesion of phase‐change material (PCM) microcapsules on wool fabric. Several experimental techniques were used to evaluate the wool surface modification after plasma treatment and the influence of the microcapsules' resistance to washing conditions, namely, the determination of the static and dynamic contact angles, surface energy, and adhesion work; X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; differential scanning calorimetry; and scanning electron microscopy. Chemical and physical characterization of the wool fiber in the fabric confirmed significant surface modification. The plasma treatment greatly increased the hydrophilicity, surface energy, and adhesion work of the wool fabric; this proved that more microcapsules were adsorbed on the fabric and more microcapsules remained on the fabric surface after the washing procedures. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013 相似文献
109.
Nuno A. Costa Daniela Martins João Pereira Jorge Martins João Ferra Paulo Cruz Adélio Mendes Fernão D. Magalhães Luísa H. Carvalho 《应用聚合物科学杂志》2013,130(6):4500-4507
The chemical structure of amino adhesives produced by the strongly acid process was investigated by 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy. This technique allowed the identification of functional groups and its quantitative determination. Concentration of cyclic polymeric structures (urons) was shown to be related with adhesive performance and with particleboard physico‐mechanical properties and formaldehyde content. Higher urons concentration presented lower viscosity and reactivity. Particleboards produced with resins with lower urons concentration presented lower formaldehyde content, but also lower internal bond strength. Wood‐based panels produced fulfilled E1 class requirements for formaldehyde emissions, indicating that strongly acid process is an alternative to the conventional alkaline–acid process. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 4500–4507, 2013 相似文献
110.
The intermolecular forces between occluded organic molecules and the atoms that bound the pores of zeolite structures determine
the catalytic activity and diffusivity of the guest molecules. These organic-inorganic forces are also a crucial aspect of
the process of structure-direction in zeolite synthesis. A molecular understanding of guest-host interactions can often be
deduced by using NMR spectroscopy to study the rotational motion of the occluded molecules. This contribution is an overview
of systems where NMR, particularly deuterium NMR, has been used to quantify the forces which exist between occluded organic
molecules and the zeolite structure. Systems that are relevant to synthesis, separations, and catalysis are discussed. The
works presented show that NMR is a powerful tool for studying guest-host interactions in zeolitic materials. A molecular level
understanding of the nature and relative importance of the various forces discussed should lead to a more rational basis for
the selection and development of zeolitic materials used in catalytic and adsorption applications.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献